Mary Anning's gender and social class hindered her full participation in the scientific community of 19th-century Britain, dominated by affluent Anglican men. Nonetheless, Anning became well-known in geological circles in England, Europe, and America, advising on anatomy and fossil discoveries. However, being a woman, she was not allowed to become a member of the Geological Society of London and did not always receive full recognition for her discoveries.

She is known for a range of discoveries primarily in the field of marine fauna from the Jurassic period: the first complete skeleton of an ichthyosaur, the first two complete skeletons of a plesiosaur, the first complete skeleton of a pterosaur, as well as several previously unknown fossilized fish. Her work contributed significantly to fundamental shifts in scientific understanding of prehistoric life and the Earth's history.

In one of her comments, Ada describes an algorithm for computing Bernoulli numbers on an analytical engine. It was recognized as the first program specifically designed for implementation on a computer, and for this reason, Ada Lovelace is considered the first programmer, despite Charles Babbage's machine, the Analytical Engine, never being built during Ada's lifetime.

English mathematician. Best known for creating the design of the Analytical Engine, a project conceived by Charles Babbage. She devised the world's first program (for this machine) and introduced the terms "loop" and "working cell," considered the first programmer in history. Ada received a mathematical education because her mother feared she might pursue poetry, like her father, Lord Byron.

Irene, deeply concerned about women's social and intellectual progress, joins the National Committee of the French Women's Union. Women in France gained the right to vote only in 1944. However, Irene is still denied election to the French Academy of Sciences because 'women are not accepted.' Similarly, her mother, was also rejected in her time. In 1946, Irène Joliot-Curie was appointed as the director of the Radium Institute.

She is a French physicist, physical chemist, and radiobiologist, the first Nobel laureate was the child of Nobel laureates: Pierre Curie and Marie Sklodowska-Curie. In 1935, Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 'their synthesis of new radioactive elements”. The spouses discovered not only the phenomena of artificial radioactivity of light elements but also the first example of positron decay.

In 1942, when Stalingrad became a hub for evacuees, she was sent there to prevent cholera, where the production of cholera bacteriophage was established, administered to 50,000 people daily. From 1952 until the end of her life, she headed the Department of Microbiology and the laboratory for new antibiotics. However, despite her successful career in science, her family life was tragic—both her husbands fell victim to Stalin's repressions.

She studied cholera and discovered the luminescent cholera-like vibrio, named after her. In 1922, Zinaida drank a solution containing the cholera vibrio in order to infect herself and recovered from the illness. In 1942, for the first time in the USSR, penicillin was obtained and actively involved in organizing its industrial production. This saved hundreds of thousands of lives of Soviet soldiers during the Great Patriotic War.

By 1946, anesthesiology had been recognized as a medical specialty with mandatory residency training. In 1949, as extensive research in anesthesiology led to the necessity of establishing a separate department, Dr. Apgar became the first woman to attain the title of professor at Columbia University. However, contrary to her expectations, her colleague E.Papper was appointed as the head of the department.

She is known as the creator of the Apgar Score - a rapid assessment system of a newborn's condition. She entered Columbia University for surgery, but after the first year of training, her mentor Allen Whipple, concerned that career and economic prospects for female surgeons would be dire during the Great Depression, suggested she pursue anesthesiology instead of surgery.

A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1966 and the National Academy of Sciences in the USA in 1968, where she became the tenth woman to be elected in its entire history. In 1974, despite being an atheist, she became a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences (and the first woman in the history of the academy). She was also a foreign member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1989 and the Royal Society of London in 1995.

She is an Italian neurobiologist, the Nobel Prize laureate in Physiology or Medicine in 1986, which she received together with S. Cohen for the discovery of growth factors (nerve). In 1936, Rita became an assistant to physiologist G.Levi. However, soon after the introduction of anti-Semitic laws by Mussolini's government, which prohibited Jews from pursuing academic and professional careers, she was dismissed from her position. In 1943, she fled with her family to Florence and returned to Turin after the end of the war.

This experiment, now known as the 'Wu experiment,' was carried out under her guidance in 1956 and demonstrated that the law of parity conservation does not hold true in weak interactions. The scientific community initially greeted this result with skepticism; however, replicating experiments, both similar to Wu's setup and fundamentally different, confirmed the results she obtained. Later, Lee and Yang were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, while Wu was left without an award...

She participated in the Manhattan Project. Experimentally proved the violation of spatial parity in weak interactions, and the experiment was named after her. Due to World War II, Wu stayed in the USA, but faced challenges in employment due to her gender, leading her and her husband to relocate to the Eastern part of the country. In 1956, Lee Tsung-Dao and Yang Chen-Ning suggested to Wu to conduct an experiment to test their new theory of weak interactions, which was built without using the conservation law of parity.

Thanks to the college president, she became one of three African American students and the only woman selected for integration into the graduate program. In 1953, she was offered a job at NASA. According to the laws of Virginia on racial segregation, Johnson and other African-American women were required to work, eat, and use restrooms that were separate from their white colleagues. Their office was referred to as the 'Colored Computers'. Later, Johnson worked directly with digital computers. Her abilities and reputation for accuracy helped build trust in the new technology.

An American mathematician whose astrodynamics calculations while working at NASA were instrumental in the success of the first and subsequent manned space flights of the United States. The space agency noted her 'historic role as one of the first African American scientists at NASA'. She was known as the "human computer" for her mathematical abilities and her skill in working with celestial trajectories using the technology available at that time. In 2021, Catherine was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. She was the first African American woman to enroll in the graduate program at West Virginia University.

She is best known for her work on obtaining X-ray diffraction images of DNA structure. The images she captured were notably clear and laid the groundwork for the conclusions about the structure of DNA later made by James Watson and Francis Crick. The images obtained by Franklin using X-ray diffraction method at that time were described by J.D. Bernal as 'some of the most beautiful X-ray photographs of any substance ever taken up to that time.' However, despite her significant and fundamental contribution to the study of the DNA structure.

Franklin's work was undervalued at the time. Additionally, unpublished drafts of her work (written during her struggle against the indifferent attitude of the scientific community at King's College London towards her research) demonstrate that she indeed elucidated the B-form of the DNA helix. The rules for the Nobel Prize prohibit posthumous awards, and since Rosalind died in 1958, she was not eligible to be nominated for the Nobel Prize, which was later awarded to Crick, Watson, and Wilkins in 1962.

In 1975, the US Department of Defense decided to begin the development of a universal programming language — the future language was swiftly named "Ada." In 2022, NVIDIA released graphics processors with the Ada Lovelace microarchitecture.

In honor of Rosalind Franklin, in 2001, The U.S. National Cancer Institute established an award for women in science. In 2003, the Royal Society instituted an award for outstanding contributions to natural sciences, engineering, or technology. In 2019, the ExoMars-2020 mission rover was named "Rosalind Franklin."

In honor of Virginia Apgar, the US Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp in the series "Great Americans" in 1994. In 1995, Apgar was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in the United States. Since 2015, February 11 has been the International Day of Women in Science.